So, it's a two-part determination: (a) figure out the %; and then (b) adjust the putt to what a flat putt would be. I only do this for putts over ~20 feet.
To do (a) and get the %, you can either use aimpoint or a green reading book. I use a book because I play the same course a lot, but after a couple rounds, you get a pretty good feel for what 2% is, what 3% is, etc. and don't need to use the book. If it's a long, undulating putt with varying %, then I average the %.
To do (b), multiply putt length by the % times 11. Essentially, for a 3% slope, multiply the putt length by 33%, for a 4% slope, multiply by 44%, etc. And then, add/subtract depending on if it's uphill or downhill. So, a 30 footer that's downhill 2% is like a flat 23 footer. I figured out part (b) from a Geoff Mangum article, confirmed it with an old Dave Pelz book and from hearing Bryson discuss it, and then tested it on a couple different sims (GC4 and Exputt).
This is all based on 11 stimp, and the numbers change slightly for other stimps (10, 12, 13). The change becomes more impactful for longer putts with bigger slopes and for bigger stimp disparities (going from 11 to 13).
It seems like a lot, but it only takes a few seconds once you get the hang of it. The numbers don't have to be perfect (e.g., 2% vs 2.5%), but it gives a ballpark idea of equivalent flat putt length. The calculation becomes trickier on long putts (50+ feet), with a big slope (3% or more), through 3+ feet of fringe. For those putts, the math has to be more accurate because less margin for error.
EDIT: for (b), you can also have a chart written down on a card or something, and then bring it on the course. I have a friend (bad at math) who does that.