I'll tell you what I did.
After laying off of golf for 15 years (and selling my clubs) I got back into it about two years ago. I shopped around pawn shops looking for a cheap set of clubs and couldn't find anything I thought was worth the money. I then went to a golf shop and bought a $120 starter set on sale (Tour Eagles, I think). I played with those until this summer when I bought a better set of clubs.
My suggestion is to get a adequate set of cavity-back, perimeter-weighted clubs. You want something that's pretty forgiving. Don't use somebody's dad's old forged irons. You shouldn't have to spend a lot of money. $75-$150 ought to do it. If you buy used, you may be able to get most or all of your money back if you decide to resell them and buy a better set.
Personally, I kept my other clubs as a loaner set or for the few times I can talk my kid into playing with me.
I bought shoes. I find they help on uneven lies. But mainly, I wanted to have a pair to just leave in the car with the clubs so I would have something to wear if I manage to get away from work. Don't spend a lot of money on expensive balls. Buy used balls for now (Walmart has them for $7 a dozen).
A cheap set of cavity back clubs, a dozen used balls, a putter, a bag of tees, some sunscreen and maybe a glove and you're set.
I've had one professional golf lesson. Mostly, I've learned from friends. I was fortunate that when I first started playing about 18 years ago, I had a friend who was a pretty good golf coach. Since I've started playing again I try to play with people who are better than me -- but no so much better that the game won't be fun for them.
Picking playing partners is REALLY important. A good companion on the golf course makes the game much more enjoyable. Playing with a butthead is a sure way to ruin a round.
Get a little instruction. Go to the driving range and hit balls -- At first you should go with a friend who knows how to play. Then find someone who is willing to take you under their wing and get out there and play.