Climate is an unlikely explanation: reference golf in Scandinavia and Canuckastan, where I'm from. Sure we love hockey, but our participation rate for golf is astronomical, despite our relatively short season in many parts of the country. Having said that, most "cold climate" nations are far more diverse geographically than many realize. In Canada, golf is played 365 on Vancouver Island and B.C.'s Lower Mainland. I'm sure there are parts of Sweden like this too. See climate for Sochi, Russia-ironically enough host of the 2014 Winter Games. Could definitely golf there year round. Why has North America (until the last decade or so) largely ignored football (or soccer, as we say) despite its massive popularity virtually everywhere else? Culture I guess. As others have posted, I think golf (unfairly) has been ideologically at odds with socialist thought (granted, it's hard to watch your boss playing a game all day when you're slaving for pennies to make him rich
) Russians, however, have certainly embraced the bourgeious game of tennis
The 'free market' has been pretty hard on most Russians, but it is curious that the petro-oligarchs haven't taken more of a liking to golf.